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Subsections

Surface fields (deposition)

Task

input output

task 3D u/v/t/q surface fields files content versions fields remarks

blsurfgg x S0, S/S2 d/h/k/r incl 3D diffusion

surf-old x S0, S/S2 surf0 5 incl sstr

surf-old1 x S0, S/S2 surf3 6 incl sstr heat fluxes in W/m2

surf-old2 S0, S/S2 incl u10m surf3 7,8,9 incl sstr heat fluxes in W/m2

surf S0, S/S2 incl u10m/veg/etc surf 1x1 hdf 10-11 incl sstr, veg etc units changed

	input	output
task	3D u/v/t/q	surface fields	files	content versions	fields	remarks
blsurfgg	x	S0, S/S2	d/h/k/r		incl 3D diffusion
surf-old	x	S0, S/S2	surf0	5	incl sstr
surf-old1	x	S0, S/S2	surf3	6	incl sstr	heat fluxes in W/m2
surf-old2		S0, S/S2 incl u10m	surf3	7,8,9	incl sstr	heat fluxes in W/m2
surf		S0, S/S2 incl u10m/veg/etc	surf 1x1 hdf	10-11	incl sstr, veg etc	units changed

Content versions

The content version is an attribute in hdf files.

content version description

5 surface fields from original blsurf
new field : surface stress sstr in N/m2

6 changed units : heat fluxes slhf/sshf in W/m2

7 new methode : use 10m winds from ECMWF

8 new methode : DEBUGGED ERROR IN F3 FILES

9 new methode : rounded some slightly negative values to zero

10 new fields : vegetation etc
new units : for almost all fields
new output format : 1x1 hdf

11 removed fields : ewss, nsss (replaced by sstr)
changed times : [21,21] for daily averaged fields

content version	description
5	surface fields from original blsurf new field : surface stress sstr in N/m2
6	changed units : heat fluxes slhf/sshf in W/m2
7	new methode : use 10m winds from ECMWF
8	new methode : DEBUGGED ERROR IN F3 FILES
9	new methode : rounded some slightly negative values to zero
10	new fields : vegetation etc new units : for almost all fields new output format : 1x1 hdf
11	removed fields : ewss, nsss (replaced by sstr) changed times : [21,21] for daily averaged fields

Fields and methode

content version param description unit from times grib code hor. comb. Comments

10-11 oro orography (surface geopotential) m2/s2 gg [21,21] 129 area frac constant field, also in 'oro'

10-11 lsm land/sea mask 0-100% gg [21,21] 172 area frac constant field

10-11 z0_ols Surface roughness Ganzeveld/Olsson m (day aver) gg [21,21] 173 area frac

10-11 z0_ecm Surface roughness ECMWF m (day aver) gg [21,21] 173 area frac same as 'sr'

10-11 z0_mer Surface roughness merged m (day aver) gg [21,21] 173 area frac

10-11 cvl Low vegetation cover 0-1 (day aver) gg [21,21] 027 area frac

10-11 cvh High vegetation cover 0-1 (day aver) gg [21,21] 028 area frac

10-11 tv## area fraction vegetation type ## 0-100% gg [21,21] 29/30 area frac see section 4.14.6

10-11 swvl1 volumentric soil water layer 1 m3/m3 (day aver) gg [21,21] 039 area frac

10-11 swvl2 volumentric soil water layer 2 m3/m3 (day aver) gg [21,21] 040 area frac

10-11 swvl3 volumentric soil water layer 3 m3/m3 (day aver) gg [21,21] 041 area frac

10-11 swvl4 volumentric soil water layer 4 m3/m3 (day aver) gg [21,21] 042 area frac

10-11 al albedo 0-1 (day aver) gg [21,21] 174 area frac

10-11 lsrh Log. surface roughn. for heat - gg 00, 03, .., 21 234 area frac

10-11 ci Sea-ice cover 0-1 (day aver) gg [21,21] 031 area frac

10-11 10fg Wind gust at 10 metres m/s (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 049 area frac

10-11 10u 10 metre u wind m/s gg 00, 03, .., 21 165 area frac

10-11 10v 10 metre v wind m/s gg 00, 03, .., 21 166 area frac

10-11 sd Snow depth m water eqv (day aver) gg [21,21] 141 area frac

10-11 lsp stratiform precipation m/s (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 142 area frac

10-11 cp convective precipation m/s (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 143 area frac

10-11 sf snowfall (convective+stratiform) m water eqv/s (t.av.) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 144 area frac

10-11 sshf surface sensible heat flux W/m2 (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 146 area frac

10-11 slhf surface latent heat flux W/m2 (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 147 area frac

10-11 blh Boundary layer height m gg 00, 03, .., 21 159 area frac ECMWF;
pblh in kzz is computed !

10-11 t2m 2 metre temperature K gg 00, 03, .., 21 167 area frac

10-11 d2m 2 metre dewpoint temperature K gg 00, 03, .., 21 168 area frac

10-11 ssr surface solar radiation W/m2 (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 176 area frac

10 ewss East/West surface stress N/m2 (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 180 area frac replaced by sstr

10 nsss North/Sourth surface stress N/m2 (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] 181 area frac replaced by sstr

10-11 sstr surface stress N/m2 (time aver) gg [21,00], .., [18,21] area frac computed from nsss/ewss

10-11 src skin reservoir content m of water gg 00, 03, .., 21 198 area frac

10-11 ustar velocity scale m/s gg 00, 03, .., 21 250 area aver old file 'd'

10-11 Raero aerodynamic resistance s/m gg 00, 03, .., 21 251 area aver old file 'd'

content version	param	description	unit	from	times	grib code	hor. comb.	Comments

10-11	oro	orography (surface geopotential)	m2/s2	gg	[21,21]	129	area frac	constant field, also in 'oro'

10-11	lsm	land/sea mask	0-100%	gg	[21,21]	172	area frac	constant field

10-11	z0_ols	Surface roughness Ganzeveld/Olsson	m (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	173	area frac
10-11	z0_ecm	Surface roughness ECMWF	m (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	173	area frac	same as 'sr'
10-11	z0_mer	Surface roughness merged	m (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	173	area frac

10-11	cvl	Low vegetation cover	0-1 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	027	area frac
10-11	cvh	High vegetation cover	0-1 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	028	area frac

10-11	tv##	area fraction vegetation type ##	0-100%	gg	[21,21]	29/30	area frac	see section 4.14.6

10-11	swvl1	volumentric soil water layer 1	m3/m3 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	039	area frac
10-11	swvl2	volumentric soil water layer 2	m3/m3 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	040	area frac
10-11	swvl3	volumentric soil water layer 3	m3/m3 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	041	area frac
10-11	swvl4	volumentric soil water layer 4	m3/m3 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	042	area frac

10-11	al	albedo	0-1 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	174	area frac

10-11	lsrh	Log. surface roughn. for heat	-	gg	00, 03, .., 21	234	area frac

10-11	ci	Sea-ice cover	0-1 (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	031	area frac

10-11	10fg	Wind gust at 10 metres	m/s (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	049	area frac
10-11	10u	10 metre u wind	m/s	gg	00, 03, .., 21	165	area frac
10-11	10v	10 metre v wind	m/s	gg	00, 03, .., 21	166	area frac

10-11	sd	Snow depth	m water eqv (day aver)	gg	[21,21]	141	area frac
10-11	lsp	stratiform precipation	m/s (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	142	area frac
10-11	cp	convective precipation	m/s (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	143	area frac
10-11	sf	snowfall (convective+stratiform)	m water eqv/s (t.av.)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	144	area frac

10-11	sshf	surface sensible heat flux	W/m2 (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	146	area frac
10-11	slhf	surface latent heat flux	W/m2 (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	147	area frac

10-11	blh	Boundary layer height	m	gg	00, 03, .., 21	159	area frac	ECMWF; pblh in kzz is computed !

10-11	t2m	2 metre temperature	K	gg	00, 03, .., 21	167	area frac
10-11	d2m	2 metre dewpoint temperature	K	gg	00, 03, .., 21	168	area frac

10-11	ssr	surface solar radiation	W/m2 (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	176	area frac

10	ewss	East/West surface stress	N/m2 (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	180	area frac	replaced by sstr
10	nsss	North/Sourth surface stress	N/m2 (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]	181	area frac	replaced by sstr

10-11	sstr	surface stress	N/m2 (time aver)	gg	[21,00], .., [18,21]		area frac	computed from nsss/ewss

10-11	src	skin reservoir content	m of water	gg	00, 03, .., 21	198	area frac

10-11	ustar	velocity scale	m/s	gg	00, 03, .., 21	250	area aver	old file 'd'
10-11	Raero	aerodynamic resistance	s/m	gg	00, 03, .., 21	251	area aver	old file 'd'

The surface fields stored on a 1x1 global grid. In TM5, emissions are related to 1x1 surface params and aggregated to real model resolution.

Required fields

Description by Michiel van Weele and Frank Dentener in progress.

  TM3 according to Michiel                   available from ECMWF
                                                    curr   grib  MARS
  var       description                      set    file   code  abbr.  description                          unit
  -----     ----------------                 -----  ----   ----  -----  ----------------------------------   --------------
 
  ews       soil wetness                     od     SG     184   SWL3   Soil wetness level 3                 m of water
                                                                        Climatological deep soil wetness 
                                                                        (CDSW) before 19930804.
                                                                        Scaled depth surf water 7cm deep

                                             od            039   SWVL1  volumetric soil water layer 1        m3/m3
                                                           040   SWVL2  volumetric soil water layer 2        m3/m3
                                                           041   SWVL3  volumetric soil water layer 3        m3/m3
                                                           042   SWVL4  volumetric soil water layer 4        m3/m3

                                             e4            039          soil moisture level 1 (volumetric)   m 3 /m 3
                                                           040          soil moisture level 2 (volumetric)   m 3 /m 3
                                                           041          soil moisture level 3 (volumetric)   m 3 /m 3
                                                           042          soil moisture level 4 (volumetric)   m 3 /m 3
 
  esnd      snow depth                       od,e4  SG     141    SD    Snow depth                           m of water eq     

  et2m      2m temperature                   od,e4  SG     167    2T    2 metre temperature                  K

  etdew2m   2m dewpoint temp.                od,e4  SG     168    2D    2 metre dewpoint temperature         K

  esrads    net surface solar radiation      od,e4  SG     176    SSR   Surface solar radiation              W/m2 s     
                                                                        Accumulated field

  ewl       skin reservoir content           od,e4  SG     198    SRC   Skin reservoir content               m of water

  eseaice   seaice cover                     od,e4         031    CI    Sea-ice cover                        (0-1) 
  
  evgrat    vegetation ratio                 od,e4         027    CVL   low vegetation cover                 (0-1)
            (frac covered by vegetation)                   028    CVH   high vegetation cover                (0-1)

                                             od            199    VEG   Vegetation fraction                  (0-1)

  eforestm  vegetation type                  od,e4         029    TVL   low vegetation type (table index)    index
            (fraction forest/tot.veg.)                     030    TVH   high vegetation type (table index)   index

  ewsmx     field capacity                   ???           ???


See also:

  ERA40 archive plan:
    http://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/Products/Archive_Plan/Archive_plan_3.html
  
  ECMWF local table 2
    http://www.ecmwf.int/publications/manuals/libraries/tables/localTable128.html
  (according to the catalog, the available od surface parameters are:
   27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42
   /128/129/134/136/137/139/141/148/151/160/161/162/163/164/165/166/167/168/170/172/173/174/183/186/187/188/198
   /206/234/235/236/238 )

Surface roughness

Laurens Ganzeveld: (SR,173) is surface roughness for momentum, while required surface roughness for heat.

code name description unit

173 SR surface roughness m

234 LSRH Logarithm of surface roughness length for heat -

code	name	description	unit
173	SR	surface roughness	m
234	LSRH	Logarithm of surface roughness length for heat	-

The SR previously computed was merged between the SR from ECMWF and the SR from Ganzeveld/Olsson.

And from the book of 1001 Afternoons, our favorite fairytale Michiel and the 7 surface roughnesses:

Na enige discussie met Ge het volgende verhaaltje:

We hebben nodig: Raero en R_b

We hebben een z0m, maar die is soms erg groot want wordt bepaald uit de momentum stresses (ewss, nsss) onder invloed van o.a. orografie. Deze z0m is dus niet lokaal relevant voor depositie, maar wel voor de bepaling van uitwisseling op grotere hoogte, d.w.z. voor de berekening van Kzz. Daarom moeten we z0m als parameter handhaven.

Voor de lokale z0 baseren we ons boven zee op de ECMWF z0, aangezien hier orografie geen rol speelt (let wel op mogelijk effect van eilanden??) Boven land willen we ook een lokale z0. De beste keus daarvoor is de z0 voor heat, want gas uitwisseling en warmte uitwisseling is gerelateerd. Die z0h willen we dus ook hebben. Voor de berekening van R_b (dat doen we in de TM3 code) moeten we dan wel consistent zijn. Hier hebben we de verhouding van lokale z0m en z0h nodig. Deze stellen we daar op 1 behalve voor vegetatie waar we hem op 2 zetten. Dus ik stel voor dit in de preprocessing ook te doen met onze z0h en dit dan vervolgens onze lokale z0m te noemen.

Gegeven deze z0m's, de warmtefluxen (sshf, slhf) en het laagste windveld kunnen we vervolgens ustar en Monin-Obukhov lengte L berekenen. Hieruit berekenen we vervolgens onze Raero. En toen was het verhaaltje uit.

Michiel van Weele, November 26 2002

Vegetation

Vegetation ratio

ECMWF has two fields available: Low Vegetation Cover (CVL,027) and High Vegetation Cover (CVH,028) .

code name description unit

027 CVL Low vegetation cover 0-1

028 CVH High vegetation cover 0-1

code	name	description	unit
027	CVL	Low vegetation cover	0-1
028	CVH	High vegetation cover	0-1

Alternative: parameter 199, but this fields is only available from the seasonal forecast.

code name description unit comments

199 VEG vegetation fraction 0-1 -

code	name	description	unit	comments
199	VEG	vegetation fraction	0-1	-

Alternatief: ECHAM field available on 1x1 resolution:

$\begin{displaymath} \mbox{vegetation ratio} = \frac{\mbox{vegetation area}}{\mbox{grid area}} (0-1) \end{displaymath}$

(4.31)

Vegetation type

ECMWF's Type of Low Vegetation (TVL,029) and Type of High Vegetation (TVH,030) are disjunct fields with table indices. The next table is a copy taken from the IFS documentation, IV. Physical processes, Chapter 7. Land surface parametrization.

Vegetation types and parameter values (see text). H/L refer to the distinction between high and low vegetation.
Index
Vegetation type
H/L
r_s,min
(s m^-1)
LAI
(m²m^-2)
c_veg
g_D
(hPa^-1)
a_r
b_r

1
Crops, mixed farming
L
180
3
0.90
0
5.558
2.614

2
Short grass
L
110
2
0.85
0
10.739
2.608

3
Evergreen needleleaf trees
H
500
5
0.90
0.03
6.706
2.175

4
Deciduous needleleaf trees
H
500
5
0.90
0.03
7.066
1.953

5
Evergreen broadleaf trees
H
175
5
0.90
0.03
5.990
1.955

6
Deciduous broadleaf trees
H
240
6
0.99
0.03
7.344
1.303

7
Tall grass
L
100
2
0.70
0
8.235
1.627

8
Desert
-
250
0.5
0
0
4.372
0.978

9
Tundra
L
80
1
0.50
0
8.992
8.992

10
Irrigated crops
L
180
3
0.90
0
5.558
2.614

11
Semidesert
L
150
0.5
0.10
0
4.372
0.978

12-
Ice caps and glaciers
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

13
Bogs and marshes
L
240
4
0.60
0
7.344
1.303

14
Inland water
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

15
Ocean
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

16
Evergreen shrubs
L
225
3
0.50
0
6.326
1.567

17
Deciduous shrubs
L
225
1.5
0.50
0
6.326
1.567

18
Mixed forest/woodland
H
250
5
0.90
0.03
4.453
1.631

19
Interrupted forest
H
175
2.5
0.90
0.03
4.453
1.631

20
Water and land mixtures
L
150
4
0.60
0
-
-

Vegetation types and parameter values (see text). H/L refer to the distinction between high and low vegetation.
Index	Vegetation type	H/L	r_s,min (s m^-1)	LAI (m²m^-2)	c_veg	g_D (hPa^-1)	a_r	b_r
1	Crops, mixed farming	L	180	3	0.90	0	5.558	2.614
2	Short grass	L	110	2	0.85	0	10.739	2.608
3	Evergreen needleleaf trees	H	500	5	0.90	0.03	6.706	2.175
4	Deciduous needleleaf trees	H	500	5	0.90	0.03	7.066	1.953
5	Evergreen broadleaf trees	H	175	5	0.90	0.03	5.990	1.955
6	Deciduous broadleaf trees	H	240	6	0.99	0.03	7.344	1.303
7	Tall grass	L	100	2	0.70	0	8.235	1.627
8	Desert	-	250	0.5	0	0	4.372	0.978
9	Tundra	L	80	1	0.50	0	8.992	8.992
10	Irrigated crops	L	180	3	0.90	0	5.558	2.614
11	Semidesert	L	150	0.5	0.10	0	4.372	0.978
12-	Ice caps and glaciers	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
13	Bogs and marshes	L	240	4	0.60	0	7.344	1.303
14	Inland water	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
15	Ocean	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
16	Evergreen shrubs	L	225	3	0.50	0	6.326	1.567
17	Deciduous shrubs	L	225	1.5	0.50	0	6.326	1.567
18	Mixed forest/woodland	H	250	5	0.90	0.03	4.453	1.631
19	Interrupted forest	H	175	2.5	0.90	0.03	4.453	1.631
20	Water and land mixtures	L	150	4	0.60	0	-	-

Alternative: ECHAM field of fraction forest/total vegetation, available on 1x1 resolution:

$\begin{displaymath} \mbox{vegetation type} = \frac{\mbox{forest area}}{\mbox{total vegetation area}} (0-1) \end{displaymath}$

(4.32)

Old surface fields

files param description unit levels on tres grib hor. comb. Comments

r surf0 surf3 lsp stratiform precipation mm/day 1 gg 3 142 area aver

r surf0 surf3 cp convective precipation mm/day 1 gg 3 143 area aver

r surf0 surf3 sf snowfall (convective+stratiform) mm/day water eq 1 gg 3 144 area aver

r surf0 sshf surface sensible heat flux K m/s 1 gg 3 146 area aver

r surf0 slhf surface latent heat flux m/s 1 gg 3 147 area aver

surf3 sshf surface sensible heat flux W/m2 1 gg 3 146 area aver

surf3 slhf surface latent heat flux W/m2 1 gg 3 147 area aver

d surf0 surf3 sd Snow depth m water eq 1 gg 3 141 area aver

d surf0 surf3 T2m 2 metre temperature K 1 gg 3 167 area aver

d surf0 surf3 D2m 2 metre dewpoint temperature K 1 gg 3 168 area aver

d surf0 surf3 z0m Surface roughness m 1 gg 3 173 area aver

d surf0 surf3 al albedo 0-1 1 gg 3 174 area aver

d surf0 surf3 ustar velocity scale m/s 1 gg 3 250 area aver

d surf0 surf3 Raero aerodynamic resistance s/m 1 gg 3 251 area aver

d slw surface layer water mm 1 gg 3 140 --

surf0 surf3 ssr surface solar radiation W/m2 s (ac) 3 176 area aver

surf0 surf3 src skin reservoir content m of water 3 198 area aver

surf3 sstr surface stress W/m2 1 gg 3 148 area aver computed from ewss/nsss

files	param	description	unit	levels	on	tres	grib	hor. comb.	Comments

r	surf0	surf3	lsp	stratiform precipation	mm/day	1	gg	3	142	area aver
r	surf0	surf3	cp	convective precipation	mm/day	1	gg	3	143	area aver
r	surf0	surf3	sf	snowfall (convective+stratiform)	mm/day water eq	1	gg	3	144	area aver

r	surf0		sshf	surface sensible heat flux	K m/s	1	gg	3	146	area aver
r	surf0		slhf	surface latent heat flux	m/s	1	gg	3	147	area aver

		surf3	sshf	surface sensible heat flux	W/m2	1	gg	3	146	area aver
		surf3	slhf	surface latent heat flux	W/m2	1	gg	3	147	area aver

d	surf0	surf3	sd	Snow depth	m water eq	1	gg	3	141	area aver
d	surf0	surf3	T2m	2 metre temperature	K	1	gg	3	167	area aver
d	surf0	surf3	D2m	2 metre dewpoint temperature	K	1	gg	3	168	area aver
d	surf0	surf3	z0m	Surface roughness	m	1	gg	3	173	area aver
d	surf0	surf3	al	albedo	0-1	1	gg	3	174	area aver
d	surf0	surf3	ustar	velocity scale	m/s	1	gg	3	250	area aver
d	surf0	surf3	Raero	aerodynamic resistance	s/m	1	gg	3	251	area aver

d			slw	surface layer water	mm	1	gg	3	140	--

	surf0	surf3	ssr	surface solar radiation	W/m2 s (ac)			3	176	area aver
	surf0	surf3	src	skin reservoir content	m of water			3	198	area aver

		surf3	sstr	surface stress	W/m2	1	gg	3	148	area aver	computed from ewss/nsss

 ECMWF  M file (land/sea mask)

     lsm (0-1)                  --+                                --+
                                  |                                  |
 ECMWF  Z file (orography)        |                                  |
                                  |                                  |
     zoro (m2/s2)               --+                                  |
                                  |                                  |
 ECMWF  SG0 files                 +---> z0m (m)  *)                --+
                                  |                                  |
     z0_ec (m)    surf.roughn.  --+                                  |
                                  |                                  |
     al (0-1)                     |              *)                  |
                                  |                                  |
                                  |                                  |
 OLSSON/GANZEVELD                 |                                  |
                                  |                                  |
   z0m_olsson (m) surf.roughn.  --+                                  |
                                                                     |
                                                                     | 
                                                                     |
 ECMWF  SG files                                                     |
                                                                     |
     ewss (W/m2 s) --> (W/m2)  --+                                   |
                                 +-->    u*ec (W/m2)**0.5          --+
     nsss (W/m2 s) --> (W/m2)  --+                                   |
                                                                     |
                                 +-->    buoy                      --+
                                 |                                   |
     sshf (W/m2 s) --> (W/m2)  --+      -->    (Km/s)  *)            |
                                 |                                   |
     slhf (W/m2 s) --> (W/m2)  --+      -->    (m/s)   *)            |
                                 |                                   |
     t2m  (K)                  --+                     *)          --+
                                                                     |
     d2m  (K)                        *)                              |
                                                                     |
     lsp  (m/s)    --> (mm/day)      *)                              |
                                                                     |
     cp   (m/s)    --> (mm/day)      *)                              |
                                                                     |
     sf   (m/s)    --> (mm/day)      *)                              |
                                                                     |
     sd (m w.eqv.)                   *)                              |
                                                                     |
     ssr  (W/m2 s)                   *)                              |
                                                                     |
     src  (m w.eqv.)                 *)                              |
                                                                     |
                                                                     |
                                                                     v

                                                                     u*    *)
                                                                    obl
                                                                   Raero   *)

       *) saved to output files for use in TM3/TM5

In future ?

file param description unit levels from tres grib code hor. comb. vert. comb Comments

?? TCC total cloud cover 0-1 ? 164

?? field capacity (ECHAM ?) ? ?? -

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TM5 2009-03-03